Eman DaarD. A. Bradley Department of Physics, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, JordanDepartment of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK e.daar@surrey.ac.uk International Journal of Fundamental Physical Sciences (IJFPS) 5 3 71-76 September, 2015 2231-8186 https://doi.org/10.14331/ijfps.2015.330089 This article reviews methods for measuring lead levels in archaeological bone, exploring implications for understanding ancient societies and public health. The role of lead exposure in the decline of the Roman Empire is examined, alongside modern health impacts. Techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are discussed in terms of accuracy, invasiveness, and applicability. The work highlights both ancient and modern sources of lead exposure, including occupational, domestic, and medicinal origins. The review calls for continued vigilance and preventive measures, particularly in vulnerable populations and developing regions. lead poisoning, XRF, Roman Empire, archaeological bone https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/